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Pembangunan koperasi mengalami kemajuan yang cukup mengembirakan jika diukur dengan jumlah koperasi, jumlah anggota, aktiva dan volume usaha.

Pada masa sekarang secara umum koperasi mengalami perkembangan usaha dan kelembagaan yang mengairahkan. Namun demikian, koperasi masih memiliki berbagai kendala untuk pengembangannya sebagai badan usaha. Hal ini perlu memperoleh perhatian dalam pembangunan usaha koperasi pada masa mendatang.

Peran koperasi dalam perekonomian Indonesia paling tidak dapat dilihat dari: (1) kedudukannya sebagai pemain utama dalam kegiatan ekonomi di berbagai sektor, (2) penyedia lapangan kerja yang terbesar, (3) pemain penting dalam pengembangan kegiatan ekonomi lokal dan pemberdayaan masyarakat, (4) pencipta pasar baru dan sumber inovasi, serta (5) sumbangannya dalam menjaga neraca pembayaran melalui kegiatan ekspor. Peran koperasi, usaha mikro, kecil dan menengah sangat strategis dalam perekonomian nasional, sehingga perlu menjadi fokus pembangunan ekonomi nasional pada masa mendatang.

Pemberdayaan koperasi secara tersktuktur dan berkelanjutan diharapkan akan mampu menyelaraskan struktur perekonomian nasional, mempercepat pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional, mengurangi tingkat pengangguran terbuka, menurunkan tingkat kemiskinan, mendinamisasi sektor riil, dan memperbaiki pemerataan pendapatan masyarakat. Pemberdayaan koperasi juga akan meningkatkan pencapaian sasaran di bidang pendidikan, kesehatan, dan indikator kesejahteraan masyarakat Indonesia lainnya.

Sulit mewujudkan keamanan yang sejati, jika masyarakat hidup dalam kemiskinan dan tingkat pengangguran yang tinggi. Sulit mewujudkan demokrasi yang sejati, jika terjadi ketimpangan ekonomi di masyarakat, serta sulit mewujudkan keadilan hukum jika ketimpangan penguasaan sumberdaya produktif masih sangat nyata. Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa peran koperasi antara lain :

Membangun dan mengembangkan potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi anggota pada khusunya dan masyarakat pada umumnya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosialnya.
Berperan serta aktif dalam upaya mempertinggi kualitas kehidupan manusia dan masyarakat.
Memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat sebagai dasar kekuatan dan ketahanan perekonomian nasional.
Berusaha untuk mewujudkan dan mengembangkan perekonomian nasional yang merupakan usaha bersama atas asas kekeluargaan dan demokrasi ekonomi.

Pada masa ini pembangunan koperasi kurang mendapat perhatian karena koperasi kurang memperlihatkan kinerja dan citra yang lebih baik dari masa sebelumnya.Keadaan ini merupakan salah satu bukti bahwa komitmen pemerintah masih kurang dalam pembangunan koperasi. Pembangunan adalah suatu proses yang harus berkelanjutan dan tersistem. Pertanyaan berikutnya bagaimana prospek koperasi pada masa datang.Jawabannya adalah sangat prospektif jika koperasi yang mempunyai jatidiri . Koperasi yang mempraktekkan prinsip-prinsip koperasi dalam organisasi dan usahanya. Koperasi sebagai badan usaha, organisasi dan kegiatan usahanya harus dilakukan berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip koperasi.Karena prinsip koperasi merupakan garis-garis penuntun yang digunakan oleh koperasi untuk melaksanakan nilai-nilai dalam praktek seperti (1) keanggotaan sukarela dan terbuka, (2) pengendalian oleh anggota secara demokratis, (4) partisipasi ekonomi anggota,(5) pendidikan,pelatihan dan informasi , (6) kerjasama diantara koperasi dan (7) kepedulian terhadap komunitas.

Jika Koperasi mampu mengimplementasikan jati dirinya, koperasi akan mandiri, mampu bersaing dengan kekuatan eonomi lainnya ,mampu memproduksi produk yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan pasar di dalam dan luar negeri. Dilihat dari dasar hukum yang tertuang dalam Undang-Undang 1945, Koperasi memperoleh hak untuk hidup dan perkembangan di Indonesia. Koperasi yang sudah dibangun selama ini juga jumlahnya sudah cukup besar. Jumlah ini merupakan aset yang harus dipelihara dan diberdayakan agar dapat berkembang membantu pemerintah untuk memerangi kemiskinan dan menyediakan lapangan kerja. Jika sekarang masih banyak koperasi yang tumbuh belum mampu mencapai tujuan bersama anggotanya,mereka harus diberdayakan melalui pendidikan. Pendidikan adalah usaha sadar untuk meningkatkan kemampuan memahami jati diri dan menerapkannya. Disinilah peranan pihak ketiga termasuk pemerintah untuk dapat membangun mereka mencapai tujuannya baik sebagai mediator,fasilitator maupun sebagai kordinator.

Dengan demikian pembangunan koperasi perlu diteruskan, karena pembangunan adalah proses, memerlukan waktu dan ketekunan serta konsistensi dalam pelaksanaan,berkesinambungan untuk mengatasi semua masalah yang muncul seperti masalah kemiskinan , jumlah pengangguran. yang semakin banyak.

Perkembangan koperasi secara nasional di masa datang diperkirakan menunjukkan peningkatan yang signifikan namun masih lemah secara kualitas. Untuk itu diperlukan komiten yang kuat untuk membangun koperasi yang mampu menolong dirinya sendiri sesuai dengan jatidiri koperasi. Hanya koperasi yang berkembang melalui praktek melaksanakan nilai koperasi yang akan mampu bertahan dan mampu memberikan manfaat bagi anggotanya. Prospek koperasi pada masa datang dapat dilihat dari banyaknya jumlah koperasi, jumlah anggota dan jumlah manajer, jumlah modal,volume usaha dan besarnya SHU yang telah dihimpun koperasi, sangat prosfektif untuk dikembangkan. Model pengembangan koperasi pada masa datang yang ditawarkan adalah mengadobsi koperasi yang berhasil seperti Koperasi Kredit, Koperasi simpan pinjam dan lainnya dan Model Pengembangan Pemecahan Masalah sesuai dengan kondisi koperasi seperti penataan kelembagaan koperasi yang tidak aktif dan koperasi aktif tidak melaksanakan RAT. Untuk memberdayakan koperasi baik yang sudah berjalan dan tidak aktif perlu dibangun sistem pendidikan yang terorgniser dan harus dilaksanakan secara konsesten untuk mengembangkan organisasi, usaha dan mampu bersaing dengan pelaku usaha lainnya.Inilah salah satu nilai koperasi yang tidak ada pada organisasi lain yang perlu terus dilaksanakan dan dikembangkan.

Karena pembangunan koperasi adalah proses memerlukan waktu panjang, konsestensi, komitmen dan kesabaran yang cukup tinggi. Koperasi tidak bisa dibangun dalam waktu singkat dan parsial

sumber : http://h0404055.wordpress.com/2010/04/02/peran-koperasi-dalam-perekonomian-indonesia/

KOPERASI

Pengertian / Definisi Koperasi adalah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-orang atau badan hukum dengan melaksanakan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sehingga sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan.

Jenis-Jenis Koperasi

Koperasi secara umum dapat dikelompokkan menjadi koperasi konsumen,koperasi produsen,dan koperasi kredit usaha (jasa keuangan). Koperasi dapt pula dikelompokkan berdasarkan jenis usahanya, yaitu sebagai berikut:

a. Koperasi simpan pinjam adalah koperasi yang melayani kegiatan peminjaman dan penyimpanan uang para anggotanya.

b. Koperasi konsumsi adalah koperasi yang usahanya memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari anggota koperasi.

c.Koperasi produksi adalah koperasi yang anggotanya menghasilkan produk dan kemudian dijual atau dipasarkan melalui koperasi.

Berdasarkan keanggotaanyan, koperasi dapat dibedakan menjadi berikut:

a. Koperasi Unit Desa (KUD) adalah koperasi yang beranggotakan masyarakat pedesaan dan melayani kebutuhannya, terutama kebutuhan dibidang pertanian.

b. Koperasi Pasar adalah koperasi yang beranggotakan pedagang pasar.

c. Koperasi Sekolah adalah koperasi yang beranggotakan siswa-siswa sekolah, karyawan sekolah dan guru.

d. Koperasi pegawai Negeri adalah koperasi yang beranggotakan pegawai negeri.

dasar pendirian koperasi

Gerakan koperasi digagas oleh Robert Owen (1771-1858), yang menerapkannya pertama kali pada usaha pemintalan kapas di New Lanark, Skotlandia. Gerakan koperasi ini dikembangkan lebih lanjut oleh William King (1786-1865) dengan mendirikan toko koperasi di Brighton, Inggris. Pada 1 mei 1828, King menerbitkan publikasi bulanan yang bernama The Cooperator yang berisi berbagai gagasan dan saran-saran praktis tentang mengelola toko dengan prinsip koperasi

Christopher’s encounter with The Aliens

It was a dark and stormy night. The whole of Greentown was covered by dark clouds. Christopher was returning home. It started raining cats and dogs.

Suddenly he saw a U.F.O. appearing from the clouds above. In no time it landed on the road. Three aliens came out. Chris was astonished as he could understand their language. Their plan was to take all the trees away from earth. Not wasting a moment, Chris called his friends. Those aliens pointed out to a tree. An eerie blue light shot out from their hands making a tree vanish. Soon, Chris’s friends arrived. They tried to scare those aliens by throwing stones, but in vain.

Luckily, Mr. Goon, the fat inspector of the area arrived. With a frightened look on his face, he shot at those aliens. One of them pointed his finger at Mr. Goon. To everyone’s amazement, Mr. Goon became as thin as a stick. Everybody laughed. Suddenly, Anna, Chris’s friend, ran towards them, shouting at the top of her shrill voice. Those aliens got the fright of their lives and vanished along with their spaceship. The kids were delighted. They had saved their planet. Mr. Goon was left fiddling with his pants.

Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense merupakan Tenses ketiga dalam Bahasa Inggris. Secara sederhana diartikan sebagai bentuk waktu yang menjelaskan tentang suatu kejadian, peristiwa atau kejadian yang telah terjadi pada periode tertentu dan pada saat bicara, kejadian, peristiwa atau aktivitas tersebut tidak lagi dilakukan atau berlangsung.

Rumus:

a. Kalimat Verbal:

(+) Subjek + have/has + V3 + O
(-) Subjek + have/has + not + V3 + O
(?) Have/Has + subjek + V3 + O ?

b. Kalimat Non-Verbal

(+) Subjek + have, has + been
(-) Subjek + have, has + not + been
(?) Have, Has + subjek +been?
Exercise :
1. I ____ (send) the letter.
Jawab : Have Sent
Penjelasan : Karena Subjeknya “I” maka harus menggunakan have + V3 dari kata send yaitu Sent.

2. _____ (he/see) the movie?
Jawab : Has he seen
Penjelasan : Subjeknya adalah “He”, jadi menggunakan has dan V3 dari kata see yaitu seen.

3. I ______ (work) here for five years.
Jawab : Have worked
Penjelasan : pada kalimat diatas terdapat kata “for” yang digunakan pada kalimat Present Perfect,jadi kita memakai Have + V3 untuk melengkapi soal diatas.

4. Udin ______ (live) here since 1992.
Jawab : Has lived
Penjelasan : Subjek pada kalimat diatas adalah Udin (He) dan pada kalimat diatas terdapat kata “since” yang digunakan pada kalimat Present Perfect, jadi kita memakai Has+V3 untuk melengkapi soal diatas.

5. She ______ (meet) your friend.
Jawab : has met
Penjelasan : Subjek = She, jadi menggunakan “Has” dan V3 dari meet = met.

6. We _______ (eat) our breakfast already.
Jawab : have eaten
Penjelasan : Subjek = we, jadi menggunakan “have” dan V3 dari eat = eaten.

7. Rahma ______ (read) the newspaper for 30 minutes.
Jawab : has read
Penjelasan : Subjek = Rahma (She), jadi menggunakan “Has” dan V3 dari read = read.

8. I ________ (not/do) my homework.
Jawab : have not done
Penjelasan : Subjek = I, jadi menggunakan “Have” dan V3 dari do = done.

9. My father ______ (buy) a new car.
Jawab : has bought
Penjelasan : Subjek = My father (He), jadi menggunakan “Has” dan V3 dari buy = bought.

10. My brother ______ (study) English for seven months.
Jawab : has studied
Penjelasan : Subjek = My brother (He), jadi menggunakan “Has” dan V3 dari study = studied.

chiken feed

Duan Guangqinj was a Chinese magistrate who lived about a hundred years ago. He was famed for the fairness of his judgments.

One day while the magistrate was walking through a market he saw a crowd outside a poultry shop. On enquiring what the matter was he learnt that a peasant had accidentally dropped a heavy sack on a chicken, crushing it to death. The chicken was small, worth only about five coins, but the owner of the shop had caught the peasant by his throat and was demanding a hundred. His argument was that the chicken would have grown into a plump bird in another two years and then it would have fetched him the amount he was asking for.

Somebody recognized the magistrate, and everybody made way for him.

“Judge our case, My Lord!” said the owner of the chicken, letting go of the peasant and bowing obsequiously to the magistrate. “This man, through his carelessness has caused the death of a chicken that would have fetched me a hundred coins in another two years!”

Fear had made the peasant’s speech incoherent. Nobody could understand what he was saying.

“The price put on the chicken is hundred coins,” said the magistrate, to the peasant. “I advise you to pay.”

There was a gasp from the crowd. Everybody had expected the magistrate to rule in the peasant’s favor.

The owner of the chicken was overjoyed.

“They said you were fair in your judgments, My Lord,” he said, rubbing his hands in glee, “now I can say there is no one fairer than you!”

“The Law is always fair,” smiled the magistrate. “Tell me, how much grain does a chicken eat in a year?”

“About half a sack,” said the poultry shop owner.

“So in two years the chicken that died would have eaten a whole sack of grain,” said Duan Guangqinj. “Please give the sack of grain you’ve saved to this man.”

The chicken owner turned pale. A sack of grain would cost more than hundred coins. Cowed by the jeers of the crowd, he declared he would not take any money from the peasant, and retreated into the safety of his shop.

a) Command :

Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”

Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once

b) Precept :

Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”

Indirect: He advised her son to study hard

c) Request :

Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”

Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil

d) Entreaty :

Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”

Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.

e) Prohibition :

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there

Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.

Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung

Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.

Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.

Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.

Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :

Peraturan I

Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.

Direct Speech – Indirect Speech

Simple present – menjadi – Simple past

He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came

Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
Direct Speech

Simple present

Present continuous

Present perfect

Present perfect continuous

Simple past

Past continuous

Future

Present
Indirect Speech

Simple past

Past continuous

Past perfect

Past perfect continuous

Past perfect

Past perfect continuous

Past

Past

Kekecualian :

Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi

kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam

bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :

Direct Speech – Indirect Speech

He said, “The sun rises in the east” – He said that the sun rises in the east

Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:
Direct Speech

this = ini

these = ini

come = datang

here = di sini, ke sini

hence = dari sini

hither = ke tempat ini

ago = yang lalu

now = sekarang

today = hari ini

tomorrow = besok

yesterday = kemarin

last night = tadi malam

next week = minggu depan

thus = begini

contoh :

He said, “I will come here”.
Indirect Speech

that = itu

those = itu

go = pergi

there = di sana, ke sana

thence = dari sana

thither = ke tempat itu

before = lebih dahulu

then = pada waktu itu

that day = hari itu

next day = hari berikutnya

the previous day = sehari sebelumnya

the previous night = semalam sebelumnya

the following week = minggu berikutnya

so = begitu

He said that he would go there

Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.

Agus said, “This is my pen”. – Agus said that this was his pen

(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)

Peraturan II

1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita

Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.

Reporting verb – Reported speech

Present tense – Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)

Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.

Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.

Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.

Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.

Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)

2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya

a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct

He said to me, “Where are you going?”

He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect

He asked me where I was going

He inquired of me what I was doing

b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
Direct

He said to me, “Are you going

away today?”

He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect

He asked me whether I was

going away that day.

He asked me if I could come along.

3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)

Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :

· command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
· precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
· request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
· entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
· prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.

Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.

A Mysterious Memory

Though it is one of the faded memories of my life today, there are times when I remember his face clearly, especially his eyes. As he had yellow spots on his eyes we called him spotty. He would have been a stray dog, until, he came to me.

I was seven years old. My dad had just got transferred to Nasik. We had shifted into a rented house. The house was surrounded by lots of bushes and vines. It was raining very heavily on the day we shifted.

I went out and felt those refreshing raindrops with a cool breeze on my face. It was a cold dark night. We had our meal and went to sleep.

Somehow in the midnight I heard a loud thud outside the main door. I mustered courage and peeped out through the window adjoining the door and I was really amused with what I saw outside.

There was a small puppy lying on an old rug which my mother had put outside the door. It was wet and shivering. At first it was difficult to see the little one. It had a black body which was darker even than a black rainy cloud. It was the yellow spots on its eyes, which made me realize its presence.

It was trying to get inside the curved rug to avoid the chilling air outside and it had managed to get in as I could see only his head outside the rug.

I saw that the flowerpot kept on the window sill had fallen down. I felt pity for poor soul. I went in and came out with an old towel. I went near the innocent one and held it in my hand and wiped the puppy till he had become dry. I took it inside and made a bed for him with a woolen rug and a small pillow. He seemed very comfortable in his new bed as he went to sleep immediately.

The next day morning, everyone in the family came to know about the unusual guest. “Shall we keep him with us?” I questioned my mom.

Like any other parents would, my parents first totally refused my idea but I and my sister convinced them to keep Spotty.

Slowly Spotty got easily mingled with everyone and became one of the family members. We got used to all his small habits and pranks.

Days passed on and one evening when Spotty returned from his long walk, he appeared very exhausted. He came to my room and sat near me. It was then I saw that his hind leg was injured and was bleeding. I called out my mother and she quickly tied a bandage around his leg and gave him food to eat.

I was very upset. But the next day, Spotty was up to his usual pranks though he limped a bit.

After this incident my relation with Spotty became more intense. I really admired him a lot for his courage.

Almost a year later, one midnight we heard Spotty barking breathlessly. We came out and saw that he was barking continuously heading somewhere.

After some time Spotty became quite. I patted him on his back and came inside. The next day morning, my heart skipped a beat when I didn’t see Spotty. I searched for him in each and every corner but he was nowhere. And this time he had gone and would never come back. I cried and waited for him. We waited for one long week. But there were no signs of him.

Then one day my Dad got transferred to Mumbai. We shifted back to Mumbai. What would have happened to Spotty? Would he have died? These were the only questions in my mind, but they all remained unanswered forever.

1.
Active : He would be meeting them.
Passive : They would be being met by him.

2.
Active : She would be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.

3.
Active : He is meeting them now.
Passive : They are being met by him now.

4.
Active : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
Passive : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.

5.
Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here

Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.

Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis

a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.

b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were
c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’
d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been
e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be
f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’
g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.
h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.
i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.
j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.
k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.

Bandung is the capital city of West Java province in Indonesia. Talking about Bandung can’t be liberated from the topic of its natural view and food. Bandung is a city that surrounded by mountain. One beautiful mountain that should be considered to visit is Tangkuban Perahu.
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Tangkuban Perahu mountain is a unique name that were took from its ancient history. Tangkuban is the word of sundanese that has the same meaning as flipped over and Perahu is the word for ship in English. In the whole term, Tangkuban Perahu mountain mean as a mountain that has a shape like a shipflipped over . This shape of mountain can be seen from far away.

The location of Tangkuban Perahu is in Lembang, north side of Bandung. The road to Tangkuban Perahu is surrounding with fresh air. As you can guess that you are travelling from a city to a higher land of mountain. You should use your jacket in the journey, especially when you arrive on the peak of the mountain. A long the way you’ll see the tea plantation at the both side of the road. Your mood will relieve by seeing the green color of the tea plantations that are spread out on the land like a giant carpets.

When you arrive at the gate of Tangkuban Perahu, you have to buy ticket equal to $1.2. The way to the peak of the mountain have two road. The first is the primary way, but right now is rarely across, the ticket employee will suggest you to take the new road that have been aspalth.

There’re three caldron in Tangkuban Perahu. Near the gate is Domas caldron. You can see this caldron from near distance. You can even boil eggs in the caldron. I guess this boiling kind in the nature will give you a plus experience with your usual cooking activities. J

The second is Ratu Caldron. Actually the main caldron that people seek in Tangkuban Perahu is this caldron. Ratu is more far away from the gate than Domas, But this main caldron is the widest among the three. This caldron is 100-200m below the peak of Tangkuban Perahu. This caldron is different from Domas, you cannot reach this caldron nearer, you can only see it from the peak. Take a look at the deep of the caldron, the wall of the caldron and the smoke that still expel from this caldron is creating a sensational view you cannot miss. Wood fence are surrounding this cauldron to avoid people from falling down. The land around the caldron is white with yellow sulfur rocks. You have to be in higher place to see this caldron globally.

On the peak there’s a lot of people selling accessories. There are hat, sweater, cloth, wood sculpture, etc. Food and beverages also sell here. You can buy and taste the special beverage from Bandung, that is Bandrek. Bandrek is made from ginger. If we’re drink bandrek, it will give you warm in your body. One thing, don’t forget to use your jacket or sweater on the peak, it’s cold up here!

The third Caldron is Upas. The journey to this caldron is more hard to reach, granulated road with rocks made a special adventure on your journey. You have to give more effort to reach this caldron but it’s worthy with the view that you will see. The view of the Upas is more sensational. The mountain will be crowded by people from Indonesia specially from West Java and Jakarta in Saturday and Sunday. There’re also foreigners outside Indonesia that come to this mountain.

A long time ago, the ancient land of Sunda was ruled by a king and a queen who had but a single daughter. Her name was Dayang Sumbi. She was beautiful and clever but also pampered and spoiled.

One day as she was weaving in her pavilion, she became moody and distracted, which caused her to keep dropping her shuttle on the floor.

Once when it fell she exclaimed she would marry the one who gave it back to her. At that very moment her dog Tumang, a demigod possessing magic powers, came up to her with the shuttle in his mouth. Dayang Sumbi had to marry him.

They lived happily together, and Dayang Sumbi gave birth to a baby boy, human in appearance but endowed with his father's magic powers. She named him Sangkuriang. As the boy grew up, he was always guarded by the faithful dog Tumang, whom he knew only as a companion and not as his father, Sangkuriang became handsome and brave.

One day his mother asked him to go hunting with the dog and bring her venison for a feast. After hunting all day without success, Sangkuriang worried about facing his mother empty-handed. Desperate, he took an arrow and shot the dog. He returned home and handed over the meat to his pleased mother.

Soon after the feast, however, Dayang Sumbi questioned her son about the absence of Tumang. At first he evaded her queries but finally told her what had happened. She was horrified and struck her son so hard on the temple that he collapsed. For that, the old king banished his daughter from the court and she was made to roam around the kingdom. Sangkuriang recovered with a large scar on his temple, and he too left the court to wander about the world.

Years later, Sangkuriang met a beautiful woman and instantly fell in love with her. It was his own mother-they did not recognize each other. He pro¬posed to her and she agreed to marry him. On the day before the wedding, as she was caressing her fiancee's hair, Dayang Sumbi detected the scar on the temple. Horror struck her, for she was about to marry her own son, Sangkuriang. Without revealing the whole truth to him, she tried unsuccessfully to dissuade him. Desperate to avoid the marriage, she set conditions she thought impossible to meet: Sangkuriang had to make a lake that filled the whole val¬ley and build a boat for the couple to sail in, all before dawn.

Sangkuriang started to work. His love gave him extraordinary strength, and he used his magic powers to summon the spirits to help him. With boul¬ders and mud they dammed the river in the valley and the water rose and began to form a lake. In the early morning hours he chopped down a huge tree in the forest and began hollowing it out to make a boat. When Dayang Sumbi saw that he was about to accomplish what she had thought impossi¬ble, she called on the gods to bring the sun up early and thwart Sangkuriang.

The cock crowed, the sun rose much earlier than usual, and Sangkuriang realized he had been deceived. In a fit of fury he cursed Dayang Sumbi and kicked the half-finished boat back into the forest. There it lies upside down today, forming the mountain Tangkuban Perahu (Upturned Boat). Not far away is the stump of the tree Sangkuriang had felled, now called Bukit Tunggul. The dam Sangkuriang had built caused the valley to become a lake, where both Sangkuriang and Dayang Sumbi drowned themselves. They were never heard of again.

Long ago there lived a King and Queen who said every day, "If only we had a child!" But for a long time they had none.

One day, as the Queen was bathing in a spring and dreaming of a child, a frog crept out of the water and said to her, "Your wish shall be fulfilled. Before a year has passed you shall bring a daughter into the world."



And since frogs are such magical creatures, it was no surprise that before a year had passed the Queen had a baby girl. The child was so beautiful and sweet that the King could not contain himself for joy. He prepared a great feast and invited all his friends, family and neighbours. He invited the fairies, too, in order that they might be kind and good to the child. There were thirteen of them in his kingdom, but as the King only had twelve golden plates for them to eat from, one of the fairies had to be left out. None of the guests was saddened by this as the thirteenth fairy was known to be cruel and spiteful.

An amazing feast was held and when it came to an end, each of the fairies presented the child with a magic gift. One fairy gave her virtue, another beauty, a third riches and so on -- with everything in the world that anyone could wish for.

After eleven of the fairies had presented their gifts, the thirteenth suddenly appeared. She was angry and wanted to show her spite for not having been invited to the feast. Without hesitation she called out in a loud voice,

"When she is fifteen years old, the Princess shall prick herself with a spindle and shall fall down dead!"

Then without another word, she turned and left the hall.

The guests were horrified and the Queen fell to the floor sobbing, but the twelfth fairy, whose wish was still not spoken, quietly stepped forward. Her magic could not remove the curse, but she could soften it so she said,

"Nay, your daughter shall not die, but instead shall fall into a deep sleep that will last one hundred years."

Over the years, the promises of the fairies came true -- one by one. The Princess grew to be beautiful, modest, kind and clever. Everyone who saw her could not help but love her.

The King and Queen were determined to prevent the curse placed on the Princess by the spiteful fairy and sent out a command that all the spindles in the whole kingdom should be destroyed. No one in the kingdom was allowed to tell the Princess of the curse that had been placed upon her for they did not want her to worry or be sad.

On the morning of her fifteenth birthday, the Princess awoke early -- excited to be another year older. She was up so early in the morning, that she realized everyone else still slept. The Princess roamed through the halls trying to keep herself occupied until the rest of the castle awoke. She wandered about the whole place, looking at rooms and halls as she pleased and at last she came to an old tower. She climbed the narrow, winding staircase and reached a little door. A rusty key was sticking in the lock and when she turned it, the door flew open.

In a little room sat an old woman with a spindle, busily spinning her flax. The old woman was so deaf that she had never heard the King's command that all spindles should be destroyed.

"Good morning, Granny," said the Princess, "what are you doing?"

"I am spinning," said the old woman.

"What is the thing that whirls round so merrily?" asked the Princess and she took the spindle and tried to spin too.

But she had scarcely touched the spindle when it pricked her finger. At that moment she fell upon the bed which was standing near and lay still in a deep sleep.

The King, Queen and servants had all started their morning routines and right in the midst of them fell asleep too. The horses fell asleep in the stable, the dogs in the yard, the doves on the roof and the flies on the wall. Even the fire in the hearth grew still and went to sleep. The kitchen maid, who sat with a chicken before her, ready to pluck its feathers, fell asleep. The cook was in the midst of scolding the kitchen boy for a mess he'd made but they both fell fast asleep. The wind died down and on the trees in front of the castle not a leaf stirred.

Round the castle a hedge of brier roses began to grow up. Every year it grew higher until at last nothing could be seen of the sleeping castle.

There was a legend in the land about the lovely Sleeping Beauty, as the King's daughter was called, and from time to time Princes came and tried to force their way through the hedge and into the castle. But they found it impossible for the thorns, as though they were alive, grabbed at them and would not let them through.

After many years a Prince came again to the country and heard an old man tell the tale of the castle which stood behind the brier hedge and the beautiful Princess who had slept within for a hundred years. He heard also that many Princes had tried to make it through the brier hedge but none had succeeded and many had been caught in it and died.

The the young Prince said, "I am not afraid. I must go and see this Sleeping Beauty."

The good old man did all in his power to persuade him not to go, but the Prince would not listen.

Now the hundred years were just ended. When the Prince approached the brier hedge it was covered with beautiful large roses. The shrubs made way for him of their own accord and let him pass unharmed.

In the courtyard, the Prince saw the horses and dogs lying asleep. On the roof sat the sleeping doves with their heads tucked under their wings. When he went into the house, the flies were asleep on the walls and the servants asleep in the halls. Near the throne lay the King and Queen, sleeping peacefully beside each other. In the kitchen the cook, the kitchen boy and the kitchen maid all slept with their heads resting on the table.

The Prince went on farther. All was so still that he could hear his own breathing. At last he reached the tower and opened the door into the little room where the Princess was asleep. There she lay, looking so beautiful that he could not take his eyes off her. He bent down and gave her a kiss. As he touched her, Sleeping Beauty opened her eyes and smiled up at him.

Throughout the castle, everyone and everything woke up and looked at each other with astonished eyes. Within the month, the Prince and Sleeping Beauty were married and lived happily all their lives.

Android is an open-source software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications.[5][6] Google Inc. purchased the initial developer of the software, Android Inc., in 2005.[7] Android's mobile operating system is based upon a modified version of the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the Open Handset Alliance collaborated on Android's development and release.[8][9] The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android.[10]

Canalys reported that in Q4 2010 the Android operating system was the world's best-selling smartphone platform, dethroning Nokia's Symbian from the 10-year top position.[11][12] According to Gartner, Symbian is still slightly ahead on sales if some legacy non-Nokia Symbian smartphones are included in the Q4 2010 figures.[13]

Android has a large community of developers writing application programs ("apps") that extend the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 250,000 apps available for Android.[14][15]Android Market is the online app store run by Google, though apps can also be downloaded from third-party sites. Developers write primarily in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries.[16]

The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 79 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.[17][18] Google released most of the Android code under the Apache License, a free software and open source license.[19]

The Android open-source software stack consists of Java applications running on a Java-based, object-oriented application framework on top of Java core libraries running on a Dalvik virtual machine featuring JIT compilation. Libraries written in C include the surface manager, OpenCore[20] media framework, SQLite relational database management system, OpenGL ES 2.0 3D graphics API, WebKit layout engine, SGL graphics engine, SSL, and Bionic libc. The Android operating system consists of 12 million lines of code including 3 million lines of XML, 2.8 million lines of C, 2.1 million lines of Java, and 1.75 million lines of C++.[21]

Okto - 8 is better than 1!

Action sampler photography is named thus as it takes multiple shots within a space of a given time in sequence. Often, these snippets of time are placed within one conventional photo.

With 8 lenses, the Lomo Oktomat is one unique camera. True to the idea of casual spontaneous photography, this little gem takes 8 pictures over 2.5 seconds in serial succession to create your very own micromasterpiece. You choose the scene and setting, the cast and the story and you are now the director. Tell your story, and the fun is endless.

Camera Features

8-Lens Battery
One push of the shutter button releases all 8 lenses over 2.5 seconds, taking a sequence shot that will fit 8 frames into the standard 35mm frame.

Collapsable Viewfinder
A whimsical addition, the viewfinder lets you have a first-person view of what the Oktomat is seeing. Just note that what you see will not be exactly what you'd get. That's part of the surprise and fun!

Fixed Speed And Aperture
Forget about settings. With the Oktomat, there is no need to focus, and no worries. Just point and shoot your Oktomat in full sunlight or slightly overcast conditions (with fast film). These leave you with more time to get creative and compose your story!

The Lomo Actionsampler
Compared to the Oktomat, the Actionsampler has four lenses and uses the same 35mm standard film. The button releases all 4 lenses over the time of 1 second to get four frames on the same negative. Similar to the Oktomat, this camera is perfect to capture movements and action.

It is reccomended to use at least 400ISO even for outdoor shots with a lot of sun. The family comes in clear, chrome and flash.

Specifications
Size: 10cm x 3.1cm x 5.8cm
Weight: 0.1kg
Film Type: 35mm Standard
Lenses: 4 individual units of 26mm lenses.
Range: Fixed focus from 1.2m to infinity
Shutter speed: Approx. 1/100 second
Exposure intervals: 0.22 seconds per frame and 0.66 seconds in total for four frames

1) The Budget. For most people this is the most important consideration when choosing a digital camera. There is no point looking at the top of the range professional digital single lens reflex (DSLR) cameras when your budget is only 200 $. So first you should decide how much can you spend on a digital camera and narrow your choices down to that.

2) The Usage. You need to consider how often will you use the camera as well as how are you going to use it. A big DSLR will be better for high- quality photos and it has more options for different photography techniques. A light and compact camera will be easier to carry around thus making it more convenient for travel photography. A point and shoot compact camera will be great for family album photography and kids.

3) Your experience. This is a key factor when choosing a digital camera. It is important to understand that a simple point and shoot camera in the hands of beginner will produce better photos than top of the range DSLR. I know so many people who have bought DSLR's only to find out that they are too complicated, too big and the pictures are not that better than from a good compact camera. So if you are a beginner go for a point and shoot camera or a compact camera. For amateurs there are entry level DSLR's and for professionals there are professional cameras. It's that simple.

4) Your favorite subjects for photography. Think about your favorite subject you like to take pictures of. If you like landscapes than you should look for a camera that has wide angle lens. For portrait photography look for the camera that has the lens with the widest aperture (the f numbers on the lens) and for sports and animal photography go for a camera that has a telephoto lens. If you can't decide than buy a DSLR or a compact camera with super zoom lens.

5) The features. We already looked at the lenses, but there are so many other features of digital cameras. The biggest mistake you can make is to look at the sensor resolution and to go for the biggest number of mega pixels. Wile the resolution is important it is definitely not the most important feature of a digital camera. Creative controls are one of the key features you should look at when choosing a digital camera. Different scene modes are all nice, but you really should look for a manual control options on your camera. Find out what accessories the camera has. A simple point and shoot camera will not have any, but an entry level DSLR will have changeable lenses, flashes, light filters and others. Some compact cameras will have the option of additional flash and wide angle or tele adapters for the lens.

These are my five tips for choosing a digital camera, but before you buy a camera you should do your homework. Read about digital cameras, the internet is a great resource of finding information on any digital camera. Don't be shy; if necessary ask questions in the forums about specific camera brand and model. And if you decide to buy your camera on the internet, go to a real shop and try out the camera. And most importantly have fun and good luck on finding the right camera for you.

Eat before you leave. When you go grocery shopping, make sure you are not hungry! If you are hungry when you go grocery shopping you are more prone to buy junk food.

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2
Add healthy ideas. If someone else shops for your household, politely suggest a list of healthy foods to guide their shopping decisions. This list should include many green vegetables, a variety of fruits, whole grain foods, lean meats, unsalted nuts etc.
3
Cut down on the junk food. If you find the transition from junky food to healthier food too extreme, begin by buying less unhealthy foods. For example, instead of Pringles™ buy baked tortilla chips; instead of ordering take out pizza, make a home made veggie pizza.
4
Avoid buying or accepting sweet and fatty foods! If these things aren't in your house then you can't be tempted by them! Especially dangerous foods that should be avoided are ice cream, cookies, any leftover desserts,pie, and candy.
5
Develop a routine of self control. So now that you have striven to keep unhealthy foods out of the house to begin with, you must focus on developing a strong sense of self control because you will not always be in controlled situations. Start by focusing less on food. If you look forward to coming home from wherever you have been and having a nice little snack; stop this destructive habit! The more you think about food, the more you build up a temptation to overeat. Think of eating as a necessity, not a comfort thing. Drink tea, coffee or water to soothe yourself on returning home.

Save Money Tip 1

Spend Less. This is not over simplifying the best way to save money! It is essential if you are serious about being a long term money saver and being able to save money every day. Review what you spend and look at ways you can save money. Consider making telephone calls for instance only at off-peak times. Do you really need to have newspapers and magazines delivered? Can you do without those coffees you buy at break time everyday - would a flask of coffee taken to work save you money? What about using the public lending library instead of buying books or music CDs? Once you start looking for little ways to save money and spend less you will quickly become an expert and really save money. Save Money Tip One

Save Money Tip 2

Establish a personal budget. This is essential for families and individuals and can be the fastest way to save money. You will instantly see your incomings and outgoings once you create your budget. You will not be able to save money unless you know how much money you have coming in, and how much money you have going out. Once you have prepared a budget of incoming money and outgoing money, you WILL be able to identify areas where you can save. It is MUCH more difficult to save money over a long period of time (the rest of your life?) without a budget. Save Money Tip Two

Save Money Tip 3

Bulk is good. Think about shopping and buying in bulk. Save money grocery shopping by planning meals in advance and bulk-buying. You can also save money by cooking in bulk. This is a real way you can save money with little preparation and almost no extra outlay. Always purchase generics when you can. Prepared foods and convenience foods will always be much more expensive than the generic ingredients needed to make the food. Preparing food in bulk and in advance also gives you the opportunity to plan ahead and be more accurate in your budget. Save Money by buying in bulk whenever you can. One thing to be aware of when buying in bulk is to be sure that any product you buy will get used before it goes bad - you won't save money if you have to throw stuff away. Buying in bulk is not only a good way to save money it is also a good strategy for coping with and surviving emergencies. Save Money Tip Three

Save Money Tip 4

Make sure a sale is a sale. By this I mean do your price research before you commit to making an expensive purchase in a retailers money-off sale. You have to be sure the sale really is a sale and not a creative marketing strategy of the store to encourage you to spend your money without thinking. Once you have researched the true price of a product (any product) you are in a good position to take advantage of a sale, special offer or discount and really save money. "Buy one get one free", "50% off", and "Huge Discount" will only help you save money if the actual price you pay is lower than you would pay somewhere else for exactly the same product. Save Money Tip Four

Save Money Tip 5

Buy used. Sure, we all like to buy new. But there are huge money savings to be made in buying used. Typically cars lose one-third of their value in the first 24 months from new. Why not buy a car 24 months old? Other items such as clothes can be worth even less just the day after new. Look for ways to buy "as good as new" items and save money. Typical products you might consider buying used to save money include: cars, clothes, electrical goods, garden items... tools and sheds, household items... pots and pans, the list of used goods where you can save money is endless. Save Money Tip Five

Does your textbook make your eyes glaze over? Is the desire for a degree or diploma the only thing keeping you focused on your classes? I’ll admit the lecture format most schools use to teach material isn’t the best way to hold your attention. But I think there is a more important factor when deciding if classes keep you interested:

Are you actually using the information you’re being taught?

Find a practical purpose for the courses your taking. Not only will this help your attention span, it will help your grades. If you can actually apply the information from your courses to daily life, the significance will help the information stick.

Here are some courses you might be taking and potential uses for them in your life:

1 – Statistics

Do you run any personal experiments? Knowing statistics can help you in designing your own tests and interpreting the data. Personal experiments are a great way to make targeted improvements. The foods you eat, things you buy and time you spend can all be tracked. Statistics can help you become more self-aware about the experiments you run.

2 – History/Culture

A history class may seem far removed from your daily life. I’ve found that classes that examine historical events or other cultures can give you a different perspective for viewing your life today. Going into Ancient Greece, India or Africa can be like a cultural exchange without leaving your home.

The practical value of this new perspective can be in recognizing your assumptions. Different cultures look at the world in different ways, the ability to switch how you view your own world is powerful. Especially if the current lens you are using isn’t enough to solve your problems.

3 – Economics

Few courses break down how a society works more than economics. Whether you run your own business, want to understand political debates or invest in the stock market, basic economics is a must.

If you’re creative you can apply economic ideas to situations without money. Relationships, time-management or health can take on new perspectives if you start looking for the relative scarcity in a problem.

4 – Psychology

Psychology and sociology courses can be excellent when trying to understand your behavior and what makes people tick. Almost two-thirds of the psychology course material I’ve studied could be easily applied to my life. Operant and classical conditioning when changing habits. Cognitive biases and heuristics to improve my decision-making.

Some universities are even including pop-psychology or “how to be happier” classes. I haven’t taken one of these courses, but I’m sure it goes a step further in connecting psychological principles to practical issues.

5 – Computer Science

Learning how to program computers can have many applications (no pun intended). Programming can help you solve technology related problems and when merged with your other creative skills it can be a valuable asset in a career or business.

Beyond the straightforward uses of programming, I’ve found it gives many useful metaphors for looking at everyday problems. Is your time-management system buggy? Do your habits produce the output you want for the given input?

How to Find Hidden Applications in Your Courses

Those five subjects are just a small fraction of the ways you can apply courses to your daily life. The best way to find practical uses is to start looking. If you believe your course has no practical purpose, it will be impossible to find one. Even the most abstract courses can be transformed into a useful study with a bit of creativity.

Here are some different ways you can use information you learn in school:

Give Yourself a New Box

Thinking outside the box has become a tired cliche for thinking creatively. But the image it conjures is accurate. All of our problems exist within boxes of thinking. The assumptions form the walls of this box, and solutions outside the walls are ignored.

The best way to apply courses in your daily life is to take the problem solving methods you use in one setting and apply it to another. How would you solve a relationship problem if it were in an economics class? Psychology? Computer Science?

Most people don’t think outside the box because they don’t realize its there. You actually have many different boxes, all for different types of problems. You spent good money and study time to make a new box for a subject, why not apply it to a different type of problem?

Expand Your Abilities

Courses that teach a practical skill (accounting, computer science, design, etc.) can be helpful in giving you new tools to tackle daily life. When I began learning statistics, the new abilities expanded what I could do when running my own personal experiments. Instead of relying on intuition and guesswork to interpret data, I could use statistical methods.

My challenge to you is to go through all the course material you’re currently taking. Look for one way you can apply one idea from a course in your daily life. This could be writing a simple computer program to track information for yourself. Or it could be using operant conditioning to change a habit.

Once you get into the pattern of applying academic concepts to the real world, the information sticks. The difference is in just viewing an idea inside your mind and actually holding it in your hands. Experiencing an idea for yourself will make your classes less boring.

Do you start giving up from your diet because you lose nothing? Have you tried so many diet tips but none of them really works? Well if you do, you probably miss a tiny detail on your eating habit. You probably think that it is ridiculous, but if you do this, you can be sure that you’ll get your diet program works.

You just need to eat your meal slowly. Yes, it is very simple but it gives a tremendous effect for sure. Now you can start observing your eating style at first. When you eat something, eat it with a full conscious mind. Look at yourself and you’ll see that we sometimes eat our food in a hurry. Enjoy your meal and let it fill your body in a good manner. Eating your food slowly will help your body to digest your food properly. It will fasten the process inside your body because the food is already processed very well in your mouth.

Since that, eating slowly will let your brain gets the message from your body that you are full at the right time. It will prevent you from overeating so you will really eat enough food that is needed by your body.

The Enchanted Horse

The people were rejoicing in Shiraz, Persia. They were happily celebrating the feast of the New Year. That day the Sultan had arranged for great fairs and festivals in the main square of the city. The Sultan sat on his throne and watched his subjects celebrating.


Just then the crowd stopped amidst their actions and looked surprised. They saw a man riding a wooden horse that was decorated with silk and jewels as a real horse. The horse looked elegant and so did the young man riding it. The Sultan, too, was surprised to see him. The young man dismounted the horse, bowed to the Sultan and said, "Greetings, Your Majesty, I am an Indian, the owner of this horse that has magic powers. All I have to do is sit on it and tell where I want to be and in the blink of an eye, I am there."


The crowd gasped to hear the power of the special horse. The Sultan recovered after hearing this and then said, "Welcome, Indian. Now you'll have to prove that your words are true."


"I'll go through any test you want me to prove it."


"Alright," the Sultan ordered. "Go to the mountain to the east of my kingdom. Bring to me a leaf from the palm tree that stands there."


The Indian bowed low and mounted the horse. Then he turned a tiny screw that was located in the horse's neck. And then the Indian was not to be seen as the horse had flown off. Just a few seconds later, the Indian appeared on the horseback at the city square. He dismounted the horse and placed the palm leaf in the Sultan's hand.


The Sultan was convinced of the magical horse's power. He was now determined to possess it. So he said, "Dear Indian, what price do you ask for this enchanted horse of yours?"


The Indian said, "Your Majesty, I got this magical animal in exchange for my one and only beautiful daughter. I gave my daughter to the man who created this horse. Then, my daughter told me that I would never give up this horse for anything but for something that equals its true value."


The Sultan offered, "Go on, Indian. Tell me what you want in exchange. I have mansions full of jewels and gold. I have prosperous cities of which you can become the ruler."


"Thank you, Your Majesty, but none of these do I desire. I think I can let you have the horse in exchange of your daughter's hand in marriage."


The Sultan smiled while the crowd murmured in discussion. But this reply by the Indian angered Prince Firoz Shah. He was the Sultan's son, Prince of Shiraz. The Sultan was in deep thought for he thought this to be a worthy bargain.


The Sultan addressed Prince Firoz. "Prince Firoz, why don't you ride the horse and see if it works well even with other riders on its back?"


The Prince mounted the horse. Then the Indian instructed him how to operate the enchanted wooden horse. The Prince heard only that he had to turn a screw to start his ride. He did so and off he flew. The eager Prince had not heard how he was to stop the horse when required.


As the Prince flew off on the enchanted horse's back, the Sultan and his subjects grew worried about if he would be able to come back safely. The Sultan waited for hours yet there was no sign of the Prince. Now the worried Sultan grew angry, too. Seeing his anger, the Indian explained, "Your Majesty, do not be angry. The young Prince was impatient and did not hear all the instructions. It is not my fault at all."


"Do you think that he'll keep flying all the time? Will he never land back on earth?" the Sultan enquired angrily.


"No, Your Majesty," the Indian said. "The Prince will come down to land if he would locate and turn the second screw on the horse's neck."


"But he may land in the deep sea or a high mountain!" exclaimed the Sultan.


"No, Your Majesty, it won't happen. The magical horse can sense danger and will never land in such places. He'll only go where he is instructed to go."


The Sultan was not convinced by the Indian's reply. He called his guards and said, "Take him and put him into prison for ninety days. If the Prince returns safe and sound, he'll be freed or he would be killed as a punishment."


Meanwhile Prince of Shiraz was flying riding on the enchanted horse. He felt very scared that he had not learnt the way to land the horse. By chance his eyes fell on the screw below the horse's ear. He turned the screw in the opposite direction and the horse started descending. Soon the horse landed on the roof of a large palace.


The Prince of Shiraz dismounted the horse. He saw a doorway. He opened it stealthily and descended the steps that he saw. He soon reached a large hall. Many guards were sleeping there. They had kept their weapons by their side.


The Prince then saw a light at one end of the hall. As he reached the spot, he saw some curtains. Moving the curtains aside, he peeped in. His eyes met the most breathtaking scene of his life. A beautiful ivory skinned maiden with long lustrous hair and rosy red lips lay on a bed in deep sleep. Many of her maids were by her side. But all of them were dozing.


"Oh! She is so beautiful!" the Prince exclaimed. "Surely she must be the princess of this land," the Prince approached the bed. The sound of his steps woke up the maiden. She was very surprised to see young handsome man in her bedchamber in the middle of the night.


"Do not fear," the Prince said. "1 am the Prince of Shiraz, Due to a chain of unbelievable events, 1 have been brought in your presence. I hereby seek your help and protection."


The maiden spoke, "I am the Princess of Bengal. You are now in my kingdom and you'll be treated as an honoured guest."


Then the Princess summoned her chambermaids. They took the prince to the guest-room to refresh and rest himself.


The Princess was very impressed by Prince Feroz and had fallen in love with him.


The next morning the Princess of Bengal dressed in her most beautiful silk garments and the choicest of her precious jewels. Then she went to meet the Prince of Shiraz. They both sat down for breakfast. There the Prince of Shiraz told his strange story to the Princess of Bengal. In the most beautiful words, he declared his love for the Princess. The Princess was overwhelmed and she, too, confessed her love for the Prince. The Prince stayed as a royal guest there for sixty days and spent beautiful moments with his beloved.


After sixty days, he remembered that his father, the king of Persia would be waiting for him. So he went to the Princess of Bengal and said, "Dear, I must leave for Shiraz now. Let us go to your father, the King of Bengal. I will ask his permission to take you as my wife. Then we will reach Shiraz, take my father's permission and we will soon get married."


So the Prince of Shiraz and the Princess of Bengal took the King of Bengal's permission. Then they mounted the enchanted horse and flew off to Shiraz.


The Prince landed near a rest house at the outskirts of Shiraz. He made the Princess comfortable there.


Then he went to his palace to meet the King of Persia. The Sultan, the courtiers and all the subject were delighted to see the Prince safe and healthy. After seeking the Sultan's permission, the Prince was happy. The Sultan ordered wedding preparations to be made. He declared that he himself would go to fetch the Princess of Bengal from the rest house to the palace next morning.


The Sultan ordered the Indian to be released from prison. Then as the Indian left the prison, he had a plain mind. He wanted to take revenge. The Indian went to the rest house. There he addressed the guard, "Guards, the Sultan has sent me to fetch the Princess of Bengal.”


The Indian had the enchanted horse and he mounted the horse with the Princess and flew off. As he was flying, the Sultan who was strolling on the roof of his palace saw both of them. He called after them but to no avail. The Prince was informed about this and he felt sad and angry indeed. That night he dressed up as a wandering sage and left the city. He went in search of his beloved, the Princess of Bengal.


The Indian soon flew and landed in a valley in Kashmir. When they stopped, the Princes of Bengal started calling for help. Hearing her calls, the Sultan of Kashmir came to her rescue. He had seen hunting in a nearby forest. On enquiry, the Princess of Bengal told all what had occurred and the Sultan of Kashmir heard attentively. Soon the Sultan of Kashmir ordered his guards to put the Indian's life to an end. Thus the cruel Indian died.


The Princess of Bengal then left with the Sultan of Kashmir to live in his palace. Next morning many maids came to the Princess. They said, "We've been sent to dress you up as a bride. Our Sultan wishes to marry you."


The Princess of Bengal heard this and soon fainted. When she recovered, the Sultan informed her that the ceremony would take place before sunset. Now the Princess had a whole day to make her plan of escape. She decided that she would act mad so that the Sultan would refuse to marry her. The Princess started talking nonsensically. Then she laughed and cried one after the other. The Sultan of Kashmir thought he would marry her a few days later when she would be better. But the Princess grew violent day by day. She now started throwing vases and cushions at anyone who entered her chamber. None of the doctors in Kashmir could cure her.


Now the Prince of Shiraz had reached Kashmir. He heard all about the Princess of Bengal and was happy beyond words to have found his lost beloved. He dressed as a doctor. Then he presented himself in the Sultan of Kashmir's court. He said, "Your Majesty, I am a learned doctor. I request your permission to offer my services. I will surely cure the Princess of Bengal's madness and then you can take her as your wife."


The Sultan of Kashmir said, "Respected sir, if you'll cure her, I'll give you all the wealth you'll ask for."


Then the doctor, who is the Prince, requested to be left alone with the Princess of Bengal in her chamber. Once alone, the Prince of Shiraz revealed his true identity to the Princess of Bengal. Then they both devised a plan to escape the clutches of the Sultan of Kashmir.


After a few hours the Prince of Shiraz went to the Sultan and said, "Your Majesty, I've found out the cause of the Princess of Bengal's madness. When she rode the enchanted horse, some of its magical power entered her body. Tomorrow morning the enchanted horse must be placed in the city square. The princess shall sit on it. I will put some magical perfume on both of them and she'll be cured."


Next morning, the Sultan of Kashmir, his courtiers and the people came to see the curing of the Princess. Soon the Princess of Bengal's arrival will be decked in precious jewels and silk robes. Then the Princess mounted the enchanted horse. The Prince, dressed as doctor, lit a coal fire. Then he put some perfumed powder in the coal. A cloud of smoke rose up. The doctor crossed his hand over his heart. He circled the horse thrice and uttered a magical chant.


As the smoke grew thicker, the horse, the Princess and the doctor were not visible to the spectators at all. Then the Prince mounted the horse, turned the screw and instructed it to leave for Shiraz. In a second, they had taken flight.


As the enchanted horse took flight, he called the Sultan of Kashmir and said, "Remember, dear Sultan, to marry a Princess, you first need her consent."


Thus, the loving couple escaped the clutches of the Sultan of Kashmir. They soon reached Shiraz and were joined in marriage among great pomp and show that befits a royal marriage.

pengertian adverbial clause

Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.

Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).

Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1. Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
Contoh:

Shut the door before you go out.
You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
While he was walking home, he saw an accident.

2. Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.

Contoh:

They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
The guard stood where he was positioned.
Where there is a will, there is a way.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.

Contoh:

As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.

4. Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.

Contoh:

He did as I told him.
You may finish it how you like.
They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.

Contoh:

They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.

6. Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.

Contoh:

Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.